Asian hornet: Danger, sting & reporting in Germany

The Asian hornet is attracting increasing attention in Germany – not only among beekeepers and conservationists, but also among the general public. Since its first sighting in 2014, the invasive insect has continued to spread. In many regions, it is already becoming a serious threat to native species such as honey bees .

But how dangerous is the Asian hornet really? How do you identify one? What should you do if you get stung—and how should you react if you see one?

The Asian hornet (Vespa velutina) belongs to the wasp family. It originates from Southeast Asia, where it is native to countries such as China, Taiwan, India, and Indonesia. Compared to the European hornet, it is somewhat smaller and darker in color. Its distinctive yellow legs make it easily recognizable.

A comparison of the two hornet species found in Germany: European hornet (left) and Asian hornet (right).

Source: NABU Berlin

Although both species are similar, there are clear characteristics that distinguish the European hornet from the Asian hornet. The greatest danger comes not from the animals' behavior—both are considered peaceful as long as their nests are not disturbed—but from their impact on the environment. In France, for example, damage to fruit crops has already been observed.

The most important differences at a glance:

The Asian hornet was first spotted in France in 2004—presumably introduced through the transport of goods. Since then, it has been spreading continuously throughout Europe.

In Germany, it was first discovered in Baden-Württemberg in 2014. It has now also been recorded in North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse, Saarland, and parts of northern Germany. Due to climate change with milder winters and warmer temperatures, the species is finding increasingly better conditions here.

Studies estimate an annual spread rate of around 80 kilometers . This rapid spread is causing problems for native species.

Since 2016, Vespa velutina has been on the European Union's list of unwanted species and is subject to mandatory reporting in Germany. Shortly thereafter, the Asian hornet was classified as an invasive species in the EU. This means:

• It threatens biodiversity .
• It specifically hunts other insects, especially honey bees , but also wild bees, flies and spiders.
• Their large nests, often containing thousands of animals , increase hunting pressure .
• It competes with native species for nesting sites .

For healthy people, an Asian hornet sting is usually only painful but not dangerous – similar to the stings from wasps or bees. However, allergy sufferers should be vigilant: severe reactions can occur. If symptoms such as shortness of breath, swelling, or circulatory problems occur, call the emergency number (112) immediately .

Important to know: If you are stung near a hornet's nest, the hornet will mark you with a scent. This can trigger further attacks. Therefore, you should move away quickly after a sting.

Although the Asian hornet does not generally pose an acute threat to humans, its increasing spread is a serious problem for native insects and beekeeping.

Anyone who discovers an Asian hornet or a nest should proceed as follows:

• Be sure to report the observation – for example to the regional nature conservation authority or via reporting platforms such as the NABU-Naturgucker .
• Do not take any action yourself – removing a nest is dangerous and prohibited.
• Only trained professionals such as beekeepers or pest controllers are allowed to remove nests.